How and Why did Islam spread so quickly Essay

In 610 C.E., a local merchant named Muhammad completely changed all of Middle East through the religion of Islam. He fled to Mecca, in a cave where he was given the words of Allah and by this, introducing the religion. Overtime, the religion continued to attract new followers, which leads to question- how and why did Islam spread so quickly? Three of the reasons to how this happened were due to trade, the message passed on from God and the conquest of land. All of Islam Empire, including the Byzantine Empire and Persian Empire had set up trade routes throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Everyone came to Mecca to trade since it was wealthy and very important at this time. Through trading, this brought inventions and ideas. People from different cultures came to trade and got ideas of the Islam religion, then spreading it to their people because they liked the idea that it was one God and how the way of life was under this religion. Muslim merchants would travel to the trading destinations, which would allow exposure to the religion within other countries as well. Other trade routes led to the Silk Road to China and India, East Africa and Spain. These countries would then, most likely, have converted to Islam. Overall, trading played a huge role in the spreading of Islam. In addition to how Islam spread quickly was through the message of God. In the Qur’an, it shows the expectancies for what Muslims would have to follow by. One of the verse states, â€Å"But the believers who do good works, both men and women, shall enter Paradise. They shall not suffer the least injustice.† (4:124 Doc B) This means if you do the right things, then you would be granted. Another verse states, â€Å"Permission to take up arms is hereby given to those who are attacked, because they have been wronged. God has no power to grant them victory.† (22:39 Doc B) Meaning, you cannot fight unless attacked first. Along with the expectancies, you have to follow the practices of the Five Pillars of Islam. Including, confession of faith, prayers 5 times per day (facing Mecca), charity to the needy, fasting during the month-long Ramadan and pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one’s  lifetime, also known as the Hajj. In The Ordinances of Government, caliphs have to follow the duties. One of the duties was, â€Å"to maintain the religion according to established principles and the consensus of the first generation of Muslims.† (Doc E) These messages of God have helped to unify Muslim beliefs and practices and spreading many inventions and ideas throughout the world due to Islam. The last reason to how Islam spread quickly was through conquest. From 622-750 C.E., after Muhammad’s death, all of the Arabian Peninsula, China, India, Middle East, and Africa were under Muslim control. This was ruled by the next four caliphs, and were known as the â€Å"rightly-guided† and their rule as a caliphate. Relating back to verse 22.39 where it states that Muslims are not allowed to fight until attacked, this shows that they followed the Qur’an while conquering these lands. The reason why Arabs were able to conquer much of Persia and parts of Byzantine was because Muslim armies were too strong and The Persian and Byzantine armies were weak after years of fighting. Overtime, many cultures that were introduced to the Muslim Empire converted to Islam because of Islam’s message of equality and hope of salvation that they would receive by becoming Muslims. Many cultures have gotten ideas of the religion of Islam through different reasons. Three of which were due to trade, the message of God, and the conquering of lands. Through trade, his followers passed on the ideas to other different cultures. The messages of God were how much of an impact it made on the people to convert to Islam. And lastly, conquest- this shows that they conquered the lands even by following the guidance of religion. Although Muhammad’s death left his people hanging, the message that he left behind from God has made such a huge impact to the world, mostly Muslims.

Anxiety Management and the Elite Athlete Essay

Exercise/Sport Science Introduction            IntroductionThe ability in managing anxiety and pressure is an integrated section in sport science, most importantly within the elite athletes. Over the ages sport science researchers have been on the move to bring out a clear line between performance and anxiety in the field of athletics. This article is concerned with relevance in the perceptive of cognitive perspective. Researchers in sport science have not been able to give a clear illustration between these terms: anxiety, stress, activation and arousal the terms have over the ages been used interchangeably. This has made the researchers to encounter some challenges in trying to explain the relationship between performance and anxiety. To get a good glimpse on this article is worth to first understand the profound definitions of the commonly used terms. Stress from a psychological point of view can be defined as the state that arises from the demands placed on the athletes requiring them to engage on coping be haviors (Chia & Chiang, 2010).            Arousal is that state that an individual enters in a stressful state which is characterized by some specific psychological symptoms. From the above definitions we can understand what anxiety is. Anxiety is considered to be more situational, it is associated with the art of deliberate arousal of autonomic nervous system, hence trait anxiety, is regarded as the view of the world that an individual use in dealing with the situation in their present environment. Performance has been realized to be influenced by trait anxiety that is individuals who are deemed to be associated with great trait anxiety tend to attend more to information similar to threats unlike their counterpart with low anxiety trait (Chia & Chiang, 2010). Effect of Arousal and Anxiety on performance            Sport scientists have been devoted to explain vividly the effects of arousal and anxiety in the elite athletic performance sport wise. For the case of armature arousal is very competitive especially in the athletes in the individual sports as compared to team sport athletes. Participants in individual the non-contact sports have been identified to report low levels of state anxiety unlike individual participants in the contact sports (Chia & Chiang, 2010).            Arousal and anxiety are found to highly to affect the individual athlete’s self-confidence levels regardless of their long earned experience and skills. Individual with high self-confidence responds to arousal and anxiety in different ways unlike their counter parts, they always view anxiety as a facilitator in their sporting endeavors. From this point of view, their field participation will actually have to be credible hence they will achieve improved and great performance. The strongest feature that the elite athletes possess is that of high self- confidence levels. Having this quality enhances the athletes to have a most crucial protective factor from the actions of cognitive anxiety (Petrie, 1998).            The athletes, who have realized their optimal limit of arousal for maximized performance, need to employ appropriate relaxation or energizing measures with the aim of increasing or decreasing arousal levels. The coaches need to insight some psyched motivation to their athletes to perform best. The level of motivation should be dependent on individual levels. High arousal can be detrimental for some athlete some may respond positively as the others respond negatively (Petrie, 1998). In conclusion, when the coaches or the respective captains give encouraging speech to their team mates, it is associated with some elements of arousal. Highly aroused athletes are bound to perform better than it is their usual performance levels hence the respective coaches should do an after event evaluation to see clearly that the athlete did improve in performance genuinely. References Chia, M., & Chiang, J. (2010). Sport, science, and studies in Asia issues, reflections, and emergent solutions. Singapore: World Scientific. Petrie, T. A. (1998). Anxiety Management and the Elite Athlete. The Psychotherapy Patient, 10(3-4), 161-173. Source document

Email Messages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email Messages - Essay Example In line with this, an organization will require email etiquette to ensure professionalism, efficiency and protection from liability such as costly law suits as a result of bad language (Swinton). There are a few guidelines of how to write a good business email. First of all use a language that is official so that both parties understand the message communicated. The message you are trying to convey is concise and straight to the point. This helps to avoid time wastage for the reader. While writing ensure proper spelling, grammar and punctuation, avoid writing in capitals and go through the message to identify mistakes before sending it. It is good to always include the subject of your communication so that the recipient easily knows what to expect in the message. Always use a polite tone, be personal but formal (Swinton). While replying to business emails make sure that you are prompt, answer all questions asked by the customer. Avoid sending attachments unless asked by the recipient of the email. Do not leave out the email thread when writing as it shows the previous message which you are replying to. Do not use fancy fonts in your writing unless communicating graphics (Appleman 20-40). These are the basic issues that one should consider in all business emails in order to foster good understanding and trust between businesses or a client and an organization. Swinton, Lyndsay. "10 Tips for writing business emails that say the right thing about you." 2010. Management For The Rest of Us. 27 September 2011

Property Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Property Law - Case Study Example It certainly is true that the legal owner has the sole right to dispose of any fixtures to another party. Nonetheless this is not the same thing as meaning that the 'purchaser' of kitchen cupboards obtained under a subsisting hire purchase agreement would also have the same rights, since whilst s/he might romantically think of the chattel as 'belonging to' him/her upon receipt of it, under English law, legal title does not pass until the final repayment is received by the finance company. However, the chattel may not belong outright to the person in possession, particularly where the possessor has only a limited right to the land; for example the widow of a man who died intestate may be allowed to live in the property but not to dispose of contents left in a statutory trust for her children under 18. What is the situation if an ex-tenant of a shop has to leave parquet flooring she had installed at her own cost Would the landlord instantly be able to claim that it was a fixture, and therefore s/he was entitled to keep it, in the same manner a mortgagee of land has a better right to fixtures than the owner or other creditors The older cases in this area suggest that the courts know that in certain circumstances it would be grossly unfair for a landlord to benefit in this manner, not least because it would discourage tenants from improving and maintaining the property.1 For example, seventeenth century law recognised that trade and ornamental fixtures could be removed during or at the end of the tenancy.2 However, one must keep such decisions in context - the world was a very different place then, and there was not welfare state to lift one from penury in the event of bankruptcy. Contrary to the Grays' viewpoint it is herein submitted that this has never been the conventional jurisprudential view. It was - and remains - an exception to the general rule. The burden of proof remains on the original person in possession to prove that the chattel was not a fixture. Defining a Fixture The determination of whether a chattel was a fixture was generally understood to turn on the 'intention' at the time the chattel was affixed to the land. The rationale for this reading of the case law is that the only purpose the tenant had at the time of affixing the chattel to the land was the intention to use and enjoy the chattel. This view makes good sense - particularly in the burgeoning sectors of commercial leasing or renting of realty, where often the fixture itself is owned by someone else (such as shop-fittings, satellite dishes or a fitted bedroom under a hire purchase agreement). However, the earliest cases considered the degree or extent of physical annexation to be more significant. Blackburn J in Holland v Hodgson (1872) gives a sound definition of the 'objective test' of a fixture under English law at the time: "Perhaps the true rule is, that articles not otherwise attached to the land than by their own weight are not to be considered as part of the land, unless the circumstances are said as to shew that they were intended to be part of the landon the contrary, an article which is fixed to the land even slightly is to be considered as part of the land, unless the circumstances are such as to shew that it was intended all along to continue a chattel."3 The Court gave examples of fixtures which would not be considered to be attached to the

Cloud computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cloud computing - Research Paper Example A cloud can either be public cloud (it is made available to public on a pay-as-you-use manner) or a private cloud (owned and operated by an organization) or a hybrid cloud (a combination of the two). Many consider cloud computing as a metaphor to Internet. Although the technology behind the concept is not new, the concept has seen development of many business models built around it in the recent past. Some of the companies building business around cloud computing are: Amazon, Microsoft, Google, Salesforce, Dell, Hewlett Packard, IBM, AppNexus and Apple. The recent past has seen increase in significant number of cloud computing models. These categories defined the component of the IT system that is on the cloud. The three most popular categories of cloud computing currently in the market are: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Cloud Computing model where companies offer web-based access to storage and computing power. ). This model is also referred to as â€Å"Hardware as a Service†. Examples of services provided in an IaaS model include: CPU cycles, grids or clusters, virtualized servers, network equipment, or storage software. The end-user has control over the operating systems, storage and deployed applications. Amazon is the first mover in providing such services: Amazon (Elastic Compute Cloud and Simple Storage Service). Platform as a Service (PaaS): Platform as a Service enables consumers to develop applications and tools and run them. The offering removes the consumer’s headache of maintaining the operating system, server hardware, load balancing and computing capacity. Microsoft’s Azure platform and Salesforce’s force.com are example of such services. Software as a Service (SaaS): Software as a Service comprise of applications that are accessible from various devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser. These applications are generally developed and hosted by the SaaS vendor. This implies that no

Family Therapy Modalities Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Therapy Modalities Paper - Assignment Example Generally, psychological treatments involve communication and issue of instructions to clients, but without administration of drugs. However, therapists or counselors may determine and understand situations to refer their patients to medical doctors or other forms of treatment. Individual therapy and family therapy have certain similarities and differences. Similarities Both individual and family therapies involve or base of psychological processes and procedures. The two methods do not involve administration of medical drugs or any forms of medical diagnosis. However, a therapist can recommend that a patient see a medical doctor when health condition of the given patient proves necessary (Lebow, 2014). When referred to a medical doctor, a patient receives the necessary treatment and returns to the psychologist for actual treatment. In both individual and family therapies, an individual patient attends and is usually the center of focus. Strategies and approaches designed to solve a given problem depend on the nature and condition of the given patient. Even though family members form an important part of the entire therapy in family therapy, much of focus and energy directs to the actual patient. Differences Individual therapy involves treatment of a patient when alone and in engagement with a therapist. Sessions for individual therapies do not involve any other third party besides the patient and the counselor. Family therapy on the other hand involves treatment of the patient while in company of the family members. Sessions for family therapies involve patient, family members and the counselor.

Parts 3,4 and 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Parts 3,4 and 5 - Essay Example The organizational structure should be adjusted in order to facilitate the easier and freer flow of information within the different employees in each level. The top management should also take an effort to print out the company’s strategies, objectives, and goals and distribute them to every individual in the organization. One of the major changes which will also be implemented is the role of the human resource department within the business organization. Currently, Acico’s the human resource department is concerned only about the operational aspect of management specifically administrative issues but will be also be involved in the strategic aspect of management. This will be started through the appointment of new VP for Human Resource. Recognizing that the business organization’s human resources are strategic partners of Acico, it will only be logical to give the department a significant portion in the shaping the company’s vision, mission, goals, and strategies. The human resource department will be taking on an active role in shaping the strategic direction of the business organization. In the operational aspect, staffing and recruiting will be taken more seriously by setting a set of more stringent standards. Prospective employees will not only be admitted to the organization based on their credentials but most especially on their knowledge, skill, and personality type. This will ensure that the company hires competent individual to man the different positions. In order to keep up with the requirements, intensive training will also be conducted specifically on the management team. A comprehensive training program will be conducted regularly which will equip managers with the knowledge and skills for their positions. Acico will also be intensifying its effort in motivating its workforce through the installation of a reward system comprised

War Strategists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War Strategists - Essay Example Consequently, Jomini’s theory of strategy entirely relied on geometric considerations. He advocated concentrating alongside fractions of the enemy’s force before striking the critical objective. Significantly, Clausewitz and Jomini theories have immensely contributed to understanding today’s military profession1. Accordingly, the FM 3.0 represents a revolutionary departure from past theories. It has engaged in an operational of employing such principles as offensive, stability or civil support operations concurrently as part of an inter-reliant joint force to grab, retain and exploit the initiative, accepting practical risk thus generating opportunities for achieving decisive results. The FM 3.0 operations significantly initiated a comprehensive change in the army by capturing the solder’s experience over t numerous years of extensive combat. It therefore changed the army’s conceptualization of operations hence it adopted FSO as a central tenet of h ow it applies its capabilities. Consequently, the concept of FSO plays critical roles in the army. FM 3.0 reflects an inclusive understanding of the numerous impacts of myriad years of persistent conflict in army operations. It puts emphasizes on people over technology, hence focus on an initiative and responsibility at lower levels of command2. It is worth noting that, understanding the operational environment and the intriguing problems, requires a precise methodology that expands beyond the military decision making process. Currently, the operational environment has experienced an enormous emergency of hybrid threats hence profoundly increasing uncertainty in the operational environment. In response, it has called for the need of creating teams to work closely with joint interagency and multinational assets among modular forces. Additionally, working with host-nation partners, teamwork requires extensive personal cooperation instead of military command. Finally, the capability to transmit clear and concise messages to target audiences plays a critical role in delivering lethal combat work. Consequently, it calls for an appropriate strategy in order to ensure victorious success in FSO. In response, current research has revealed that, the FM 3.0 has adopted a peculiar strategy referred to as blitzkrieg war strategy. Additionally, the strategy has based its foundation on nine compressive principles for success in FSO3. The blitzkrieg strategy entails employment of lightning attacks, overwhelming the enemy with speed ad concentrated fire-force. Typically, blitzkrieg strategy largely relies on tanks, which combine with speed. Its basic principle entails bombardment of a weak point in the enemy defense followed by feints and thorough probes to find a breakthrough point, plus a follow-up encirclement to prevent flanking and capturing remaining forces. Accordingly, at the defeat of the enemy, a follow up force may hold the position, while the main force moves on qu ickly to the next target. Blitzkrieg strategy works entirely by shock and depends entirely the maneuver and surprise principles rather than wearing down the enemy by long bombardment or pitched battles. Consequently, it represents a typical cross-country technique for conquering large tracts of relatively defended land. In addition, it implies distracting a dispatched the enemy from dealing with your attacks4. Similarly, the FM 3.0 provides

W8last Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W8last - Essay Example In this stage, the organization’s management highlights any evidence that there is an interconnection between leadership development and performance of the organization, as well as the skills and competences needed to accomplish the organization’s leadership goals (Reynolds, 2000). If leadership development does not match the organizational goals, it may not be useful for the organization. The second step is usually awareness creation concerning the characteristics that the organization is likely to achieve through the application of various tools for diagnosis. The diagnostic tools are supposed to match the organization’s leadership needs. The tools are also supposed to be connected to a particular competency model or an approved structure that corresponds to the nature of a triumphant leader in the organization. The third step is to activate the leadership development in individuals through connecting the awareness of development needs to the personal career goals with the organization’s strategic goals. The result is a concise and intended development plan that matches the individual needs as well as the organization’s strategic objectives. It provides a basis for leadership development. It is also important to empower the leaders through training and development to increase their capacity to perform in leadership roles. The leaders are then gi ven the opportunity to apply the skills acquired, which according to Sosik (2000) allows value creation in the individual’s abilities. These criteria are important since they allow an effective cost benefit analysis that allows the evaluation of the need to invest in leadership development. The organization is able to identify some tangible benefits of the leadership development programs. 2- Take your organization as the example. What leadership model is the most appropriate for your organization, and what are some of the advantages and

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian Essay

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian - Essay Example The article, therefore, makes a valid argument when it indicates that indigenous Australians must be credited for their role in conservation of the environment and the country’s cultural heritage. Talbot’s article is highly relevant to environment studies, since it proposes that conservation is best addressed from the roots. In this light, the author posits that Australia’s aboriginals would aid in these efforts, since their role in protecting and managing the environment is inherently linked to their traditional knowledge and responsibility, as custodians and protectors of the land they occupy. The article is also pertinent to the course, because it identifies some of the gaps that persist in Australia’s environment conservation efforts, as well as, potential mitigation measures. The article highlights several principle environmental, social and cultural issues. For example, it takes note of the fact that there have been few processes for acknowledging and getting consent from Aboriginals, while developing global heritage nominations. As a result, majority of the indigenous Australians feel isolated and disregarded, in the environment and heritage conservation efforts (Talbot, 2012). The article emphasizes that national government must formulate national policies on conservation, while engaging indigenous persons in the formal discussions. In addition, this article stresses that research institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations should value cultural and ecological knowledge systems of the indigenous people. Talbot has written the article from the perspective of a concerned Australia citizen, and as an Aboriginal advocating for his people’s recognition in environmental conservation. The principal argument against the principal assertions of this article is that, the national government should independently make policies on environment and heritage preservation. The validity of this argument is

Telecommunications and Networking Essay Example for Free

Telecommunications and Networking Essay Telecommunications and networking are complicated with very intricate design and structures built within them. Protocols are set in place to allow Ethernets, switches and gateways to achieve the abilities and capabilities of telecommunications and networking through data and voice transmissions of today and the future. Today’s society is set at such a high pace with such great demand for volumes of data and voice transmissions that telecommunications and networking need to stay the course to keep up with the demands of societal growth by way of new hardware, software and technological advances. a) What is a policy?  A policy is verbiage that consists of words and statements that gives internal and external structural requirements whereby employees, personnel and others can follow. Specifications within the said policy are set to form and guide internal and external functions. This policy paves the way for integrity within the business and/or corporation’s foundational structure. â€Å"Policy: A broad statement that specifies what should be accomplished†. (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). b) Distinguish between policy and implementation.  Implementations are a more specified set of instructions whereby policies are less specified but yet each has a set verbiage that applies to the structural integrity of the company’s bi-laws and laws. â€Å"Implementation Guidance: Instructions that is more specific than policies but less specific than implementation.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). c) Why is it important to separate policies from implementation? The separation between policies and implementation is important so that a set of rules, bi-laws and/or laws that govern the business or company is set in a way that is most important to the least important of rules, bi-laws and laws within that business structure. Structural integrity based upon policies and the implementation of those policies is essential to the internal and external growth that applies to that corporate business structure. d) Why is oversight important?  Oversight is a tool that guides management that should be required to be used in â€Å"every† aspect within the business and/or corporation. Management has an obligation to implement the oversight protocols throughout the business structure whereby it sets the guidance protocols within those structures foundational rules of guidance and policy. â€Å"Oversight: A collection of methods to ensure that policies have been implemented properly†. (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). e) Compare the specificity of policies, implementation guidance, and implementation. Policies would be a set of more formal verbiage where implementation guidance would be the guidance within that set of policies and this would then be followed by the implementation of both the policies and the implementations guidance’s. All three of these categories are molded into one that would become the set policies of the business or corporate guidance structure. f) Distinguish between standards and guidelines. The standards and guidelines distinguish between one another in a way that they each set separate rules within themselves whereby each arrives at context and messages. The separation of standards and guidelines is such that standards â€Å"allows hardware and software to work together and guidelines is a directive that can be followed but is not necessarily followed unless implementation is required. â€Å"Guidelines: A directive that should be followed but need not be followed, depending on the context.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). â€Å"Standards: A rule of operation that allows hardware or software processes to work together. Standards normally govern the exchange of messages between two entities.† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). g) Must guidelines be considered? The consideration of â€Å"guidelines† is dependent on the â€Å"need† and sometimes is not necessarily followed nor is it a necessary requirement. The required consideration of â€Å"guidelines† is such that management and/or the implementation of the â€Å"guideline† can become a necessary requirement. Remembering that the necessity meets the requirement within the aforementioned guidelines. Guidelines are considered where the need meets that requirement and this can be an essential or non-essential requirement of a specified guideline. h) List the three types of oversight listed in the text. Audit is one form of oversight followed by reading log files and the third oversight is vulnerability testing. Each of these is a part of a policy that is set into place and followed by internal and external personnel. Management sets the pace and implements the oversight whereby each individual mangers proceeds with oversight proto cols to meet oversight rules. I) what is vulnerability testing, and why is it done? Vulnerability testing is an internal mechanism that is performed to prevent the intrusion of internal and external sources. The vulnerability testing is a test that allows for the intrusive behavior to begin â€Å"within† the company’s own system that shows visible signs of degradation and exploitations within the system. â€Å"Vulnerability Testing: is attacking your own systems before attackers do, so that you can identify weaknesses and fix them before they are exploited by attackers† (Panko, R., Panko, J. (2011). j) Why is it important for policy to drive both implementation and oversight? Policy is the final product that drives the internal mechanisms of the business and/or corporate structure from the hardware, to software, to personnel then up to management. Policy is for example â€Å"like gasoline is to the automobile without the gasoline the automobile will not run†. Implementation would be for example â€Å"like not having the oil that lubricates the engine within the automobile† and then oversight would be for example â€Å"like the brake fluid that allows the brakes of the automobile to function and stop the automobile†. Requiring each of these mechanisms to be included in the structure of the business and/or corporation is essential to building focal points that lead and pave the way to present and future growth from within that business and corporations foundational structure. Policy is a core driving force that is essential to day to day operations as well as to future implementations of guidelines. Conclusion Telecommunications and networking are the business and/or corporate structures essential tools that require policies, guidelines, oversight and implementation. The management within that business structure is and should be required to follow each and every policy and guideline whereby each manger gives instructions to employees and personnel to follow these sets of guidelines and polices. Implementation of all governed rules should be set at the management level to include hardware, software and security protocols. Society demands telecommunications and networking with data, voice and video capabilities and management is essential to meet these societal demands whereby management needs the policies and guidelines to implement and address all of these demands.

What are the trends and problems of Indias Balance Of Payments

What are the trends and problems of Indias Balance Of Payments Balance of Payments (BOP) of a country shows its economic strengths and weaknesses. Most of the developing countries are deficit in their Balance of Accounts, India being no exception. Since independence, India has been facing this deficit or disequilibrium in terms of BOP, largely observed as a disaster in 1990-91, the year of the severe BOP crisis. At that time, India had foreign exchange reserve of meager 1 billion dollar, hardly sufficient to finance a months import bill. The nation was on the edge of defaulting. This crisis resulted in large scale amendments in the countrys economic policy, particularly known as the Structural Adjustment Program or New Economic Policy (NEP) regime, center of attention being liberalization and globalization of the economy. We opted for a very vigilant approach and at present after having surmounted the initial glitches of a newly liberalized economy, we have a somewhat comfortable BOP condition. Even though we have arrived at a comfortable BOP position showing signs of a strong rising economy, BOP management still remains a tough walk for policy makers for taking any discussion, as now we are uncovered to each and every change in the global economic set-up. Trends problems of Indias BOP 1949-50 to 1999-2000 The disequilibrium in Indias BOP has been accounted to both internal as well as external factors. The requirement for development of such a big nation with a large population is one of the main factors resulting in recurring BOP problem. The BOP is always under some pressure and had large deficits due to high level of imports of food grains and capital goods, the profound external borrowings, their payment and poor exports. After independence, the primary challenge in front of the country was to attain economic growth with social justice. Indias aim after accomplishing independence was to achieve economic self- reliance. For this the country had to strike both the internal as well as the external resources. Not only our technology but our food availability was also on the backward stage. Hefty amounts of food grains had to be imported to supply the demand of such a large population. Protectionist Policies The main intention of the Second Five Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61) was to achieve self reliance through industrialization. Self reliance was to be realized through import substitution. For this, essential industries had to be established which required import of capital goods. Exports were anticipated to take-off by own with advent of industrialization. It was felt that with advent of industrialization, there will be an increase in production at home that will be reflected in greater export earnings. The approach for import substitution was based on physical- interventionist, non-price policies like quotas, licensing and other physical ceilings on imports. Heavy capital goods were imported however other imports were relentlessly restricted to shut off competition for promoting domestic industries. Mainly focus was on import substitution, with gross disregard of exports. These inward looking protectionist policies did resulted in some self-reliance in the consumer goods industries, but most of the capital goods industries remained majorly import intensive. The elevated degree of protection to Indian industries resulted in to inefficiency and poor quality products basically due to lack of competition. The high cost of production further wrinkled our competitive strength. Rise in petroleum products demand, harvest failure, two oil shocks, all put acute strain on the economy. The BOP condition remained weak for the period of 1980s, till it arrived at the crisis situation in 1990-91; When India was on the brink of defaulting mainly due to intense debt burden and continually widening trade deficit. External Debt India had been an exercising choice to large scale foreign borrowings for its developmental activities in the field of fundamental social and industrial infrastructure. The countrys reserves were very much restricted due to low level of per capita income and savings. The situation aggravated because Government of India resorted to large amounts of foreign borrowings to rectify the BOP situation in the short run out of frightening condition. With Seventh Five Year Plan, the debt service obligations increased sharply due to stiffer average provisions of external debt, including repayments to the IMF, commercial borrowing, and a drop in concessional aid flow. Export Promotion Even though by the Sixth Five Year Plan we had overcome the need of food grain imports and some crude oil was also produced domestically, BOP position was still not at ease attributed to low exports. The essential need for promoting export was realized during the 1960s. The Third Five Year Plan commenced certain promotion policies pertaining to export like tax exemptions, duty drawbacks, cash compensatory schemes, Rupee devaluation etc. However it didnt showed significant improvements in exports. Indian exports depended largely on situation of world trade. We were chiefly primary product exporters, for which fluctuations in prices are very high in entire world market demand. Primary products exporting countries generally have unfavorable term of trade. The incomes from primary product exports were unstable and low. Secondly, the Indian products were not up to the mark in terms of quality and standard to sustain in world market. Third, mainly residue products were exported. The fact that export earnings contribute significantly to economic development was disregarded. Cumbersome procedures, rules and regulations for license etc served as disincentives for exporters. Domestic inflation further diminished the competitiveness of Indias export. Exchange Rate The fluctuation in the exchange value of the rupee was another posing problem. The steady devaluations (to promote exports) enhanced the amount of external debt. The value of rupee was administered by the central bank (fixed exchange rate). The considerable gap between official and market exchange rate generated difficulties for the exporters and importers. The stringent foreign exchange controls also persuaded Hawala trade. Trends in Indias BOP (2000-2010) The benefits of foreign trade were overlooked year after year. Indian entrepreneurs were withdrawing with low-priced, outdated technology and demolishing subsidies, generating a heavy national burden of large ailing public sector undertakings. Despite acting through an incentive based approach, government protection in fact damaged our industrial growth. The New Economic Policy of the nineties targeted for opening up of the economy, to permit free trade and competition and condense the role of government considerably in foreign trade issues. Restrictions on international trade were detached, foreign investments were allowed and a completely new Liberalized Exchange Management System was brought in to garner the benefits of competition and offset the drawbacks of a closed, inward looking trade policy. The alterations towards liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy were conceded out very vigilantly in phases. Foreign Investment India effectively attracted Foreign investors to the country with its earnest positive economic transforms like reduced cumbersome formalities and other paperwork. From a scanty US$103 million   net foreign investment in the year 1990-91, it has grown to us$ 8669 million   in 2008-09. Foreign investments kept the country buoyant during the recent global meltdown period. Because the consequences of recession were worst in the developed countries, the investors turned to the less affected rising economies like China and India. While initially foreign investment in the country did slow down significantly due to risk repugnance in the phase of the recession, but it picked up over again because rising economies like India and China were quick to execute corrective procedures to fight recession, showing creditable elasticity to the recession which badly affected the much developed economies. There was massive turn down in net capital flows from US $ 106.6 billion in 2007-2008 (8% of GDP) to US $ 7.2 billion (0.6 % of GDP) IN 2008-09. The turn down was mainly due to net outflows under portfolio investment. Despite this, the FDI inflow remained floating at US $ 21.0 billion during Apr Sept. 2009 as against US $ 20.7 billion in Apr.-Sept. 2008. FDI inflow has been primarily in communication services, manufacturing, and real estate sector. Current Account of BOP The current account of BOP consists of the merchandise trade (export and import) and the invisibles (services, transfers etc.). The liberalized policy and reasonably hassle free formalities for export and imports have provided a push to our export industries as well as industries catering to domestic demands. Exports and imports both witnessed double digit growth rate. India is now a principally manufactured goods and services exporter deriving benefits from a better term of trade, as compared to what it was earlier, primary goods exporter, prior to 1991. The contribution of Indias exports in world trade has increased from 0.7 % in 2000 to 1.2 % in 2008. Services too have extended to various fields catering to both domestic and international consumers. The current account balance broadened in 2008-09 (-2.4 % of GDP) compared to that of 2007-08 (-1.3% of GDP) attributed to recession, but it was sustainable. The external demand shock resulted in to the decline of export growth from 57 % in April-June08 to (-) 8.4 % in Oct- Dec08 and further to (-) 20 % in January-March09, a decline for the first time since 2001-02. Imports too turn downed similarly due to domestic industrial demand and sharp fall in international crude oil and some other primary commodity prices. Indias net invisibles rose by 18.7% in 2008-09. With the economy (domestic as well as global) getting its pace of momentum once again, there is hope of glare once again in the trade and financial world. India having cruised reasonably successful through the uneven scrap of recession can look further to garnering greater profit from world market, at least till the time the developed economies which were poorly affected by recession, revitalize fully. In short, the situation of BOP is quite well administered and contented. However, lessons from the occurrences of the financial crises taking place in various parts of the world from time to time, we are required to continue our vigilant approach towards BOP management. The country cannot meet the expense of a setback to its economic growth attained through large scale changes in national economic policies. India indeed has arrived a long way from the time of the days of the protectionist policies, but there is a lot to be accomplished yet, particularly in the sector of infrastructure, in order to become a strong economy.

The Six Pillars Of Public Administrations Politics Essay

The Six Pillars Of Public Administrations Politics Essay The dichotomy of politics and administration is a model representing the idea that a division is required between the political realm and the field of public administration. As explained by Waldo (1984), there are two early public administration scholars that are credited with the dichotomy: Woodrow Wilson and Frank Goodnow. Although Wilson and Goodnows work was not identical, they both advocated for a strict explanation of the dichotomy. Wilson and Goodnows ideologies regarding the relationship between politics and public administration have served as fundamentally important for developing this essay. This brief discussion about the dichotomy of politics and public administration will include why scholars like Wilson and Goodnow believed it was necessary to separate politics and administration and treat them as two separate fields of study. Wilsons theory evolved during a time when politics was associated with corrupt behavior. Many citizens wanted a more professionally based bureaucracy that would be held to higher levels of accountability versus being controlled by politics. These ideas were clearly communicated in Madisons Federalist No. 10. Madison (1787) described the relationship between politics and administration by explaining that a factious spirit had tainted Americas public administration. Wilson reinforced the ideas of the founding fathers in The Study of Administration. Wilson (1886) expanded on Madisons ideas explaining that the bureaucracy needed to be more businesslike with civil servants providing services that were nonpartisan. In The Study of Administration, Wilson (1886) states that, Administrative questions are not political questions. Although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices (210). With the latter quote being stated by Wilson, public administration should be considered a science irrelevant from any type of political coercion when it comes to things like decision making, policy, and public service. Bureaucracies all share a common goal and this is to provide services that benefit the overall public good; however, it is nearly impossible to completely separate politics from administration. For example, policies are often designed and implemented due to public sentiment. The number goal of a politician is to get re-elected; therefore, elected officials cannot ignore public opinion. Policies are written and passed by elected officials and then implemented by public agencies. Programs created by policies often die at the implementation phase because bureaucrats hold the power with providing optimal levels of implementation. One of the reasons programs are not properly implemented can be attributed to the fact that many bureaucrats may deliberately administer poor im plementation due to a program being contradictive to their political beliefs. Goodnow (1900) took a realistic approach to the dichotomy explaining that politics and administration needed to be two separate functions but, simultaneously, politics would never be completely separate from administration. Goodnows beliefs are demonstrated in the policy and implementation synopsis provided in the previous paragraph. Americas bureaucracies today are not as corrupt as they were during the time Madison vocalized his views in the Federalist Papers. Thanks to extensive empirical research and social science theories, the field of public administration is based on efficiency, accountability to the public, and effectiveness. It would be unreasonable to assume that political coercion does not still plague public administrators on occasion because politics will also play a role in public administration. Responsible public administrator When researching the topic of Responsibility in the realm of Public Administration, one encounters a very extensive literature base regarding the importance and reasons for responsible civil servants. Exploring the topic of responsibility and its significance in the field of public service reveals a strong connection between all of the pillars of public administration. Public administrators are held accountable by the public and they cannot act on their own accord because they are held responsible to the officials who have been elected by the public. Elected officials determine the course of action of public servants and this fact is highly relevant to the dichotomy of politics and public administration (Finer, 1941, p. 335). In order for public servants to be responsible, they must adhere to certain values and principles which make them efficient, legitimate, and representative of social equity. Svara(2007) has stated the highest duty of public administrators is to embrace a broad s et of obligations and responsibilities that promote the public interest, demonstrate character, advance justice, and seek the greatest good. Gaus (1953) explained the relationship that is created for the responsible public servant between the other pillars by stating that, The contribution of the United States to the idea of responsibility in administration was made by requiring the chief executive-and later many minor executives-to submit directly or indirectly to popular vote (432). The general public elects officials to represent them and protect them to a certain extent. As explained in the dichotomy, there are two sides to public administration. In regards to responsibility, legislators and politicians have the responsibility of designing policies to address social issues in an attempt of solving issues. The administrative side of the responsibility has to do with implementation of the policies designed by elected officials. The relationship between chief executives and other elected officials and the bureaucracy is clearly demonstrated in the nature of punitive policies. For example, legislators designed policies that place restrictions on speed limits. In order to keep roads and highways safe, reckless driving behaviors must be curtailed and this is done through punitive policies. Drivers that violate the speed limit know they are at risk to be cited and subject to fines and jail time; therefore, it may be tempting to speed but policies are enforced by public administrators to deter this behavior. In this case scenario, street-level bureaucrats are the primary civil servants that are responsible for the implementation of punitive policies. This is a perfect example to illustrate how the decisions made by elected officials, impact the daily work operations of public service. Administrators are responsible for carrying out proper implementation of polices. Finer (1941) made it clear that there is a distinction between policy design and policy execution. This is where public administrators have the most power in their responsibilities. They are the ones responsible for policy execution and it is clearly stated in the literature that implementation is the most importance stage of the policy process. A policy is only as strong as its implementation and many die at this level because of irresponsible public administrators. Ethical issues can arise in this area because administrators may neglect to implement a policy or a program created by an elected official because they do not agree with it or have a hidden agenda. In regards to the link between public administration and the pillars, administration is not less important to democratic government than administrative efficiency; it is even a contributor to efficiency in the long run (Finer, 1941, p. 335). When a public administrator acts responsibly, they have a higher chance of exhibiting ethical behavior and ultimately producing efficiency. Legitimacy Legitimacy of the administrative state is contingent upon several factors. In the event that administrative agencies provide ample, equitable opportunities for public involvement, legitimacy is being carried out. There must also be opportunities for empirical research and decision making in order to accomplish legitimacy in the state. All of the pillars are intertwined with legitimacy. In order for a state to be considered legitimate, their power has to be accepted by the general public; therefore, in order to achieve this broad scope of power a state must be efficient, ethical, serve the public good, be representative, accountable to the public, effective, and responsible to elected officials. According to Dr. Beaumaster, the person who has the authority and power is legitimate (2010). Legitimacy Power is derived from authority; authority is derived from legitimacy; legitimacy is a moral or normative standing. So whenever that person makes an unethical decision, this will reflect in his power and he may lose it. Public organizations can often be affected by their internal and external environments, especially new organizations. It is not uncommon for a new organization to become vulnerable when resources are lost or they have not successfully obtained strong support from their environment (Rainey, 2003, p. 359). Consumer preferences and public sentiment always affect business and this is applicable in both the public and private sectors; however, public agencies face bigger issues with legitimacy because they are held highly accountable to the public. For example, the issue of raising taxes is always a contentious decision for elected officials because the public can show adamant opposition to paying higher taxes. Rainey (2003) explains that when voters resist taxes, governments face analogous problems (359). Public and oversight authorities often impose stricter criteria on public organizations for honest, legitimate behaviors (Rainey, 2003, p. 359). Expanding on the last quote, an example of illegitimate behavior in a bureaucracy would be an elected official using coercive power on a public servant in order to get something accomplished. Abuse of power is an age-old problem in bureaucracies. In the event an individual were granted a prestigious position in government based solely on being from a prominent family, their appointment to the position would constitute as illegitimate. There were accusations of coercive power and bureaucratic appointments that were not legitimate during the George W. Bush administration (Maitland, 1989, p.11). To increase and ensure legitimate practices in government and to secure a legitimate administrative state, Peffer (2008) suggests that public servants must be recruited that possess expertise, values, virtue, leadership, and vision. Government agencies should focus on recruiting the best and the brightest managers and employees but public servants must develop a direct relationship with citizens in order to be completely legitimate. Research shows that the bureaucracy has to be legitimate in practice not just in theory (Peffer, 2008, p. 1). When all of the pillars of public administration are combined, they are likely to produce legitimacy which creates stability within the state. There are four sources to gain legitimacy; constitution, legal, public perception, and professionalism The legal is the primary source because it is the thing that can prove that you have something such as school diploma verifies that you earn a degree from that school. The secondary legal source of legitimacy is constitution because the constitution is used to determine the legitimacy of anybody that has an authority position. Third is public perception. The perception of someone regardless their position in society makes them legitimate in some level (Beaumaster, 2009). Accountability The goal of public service is to provide the greatest amount of public good for the least amount of money. The public depends on governments to provide high quality services; therefore, public servants are held highly accountable by the constituents they serve. Accountability is a fundamental element of public administration is linked with the other pillars. Accountability requires ethical decision making, equal representation, legitimacy, efficiency, effectiveness, responsibility, and accountability is intertwined with the dichotomy of politics and public administration, as well. Public servants are held accountable by both the public and the elected officials. A rational civilization can only be organized and achieved through accountable behaviors carried out legislatively, judicially, and administratively (Ashworth, 2001, p. 163). Accountability in the public sector is a bigger issue than in private sectors of business. It is a fact that public managers and organizations remain accountable to various authorities and interests and to the rule of law in general (Rainey, 2003, p. 96). Private sector industries have one goal and that is usually monetary profit. The goals of public agencies are typically quite different. Providing the public good and carrying out the will of the public is a very vague goal and one that is an ambitious endeavor, as well. With this being stated, public agencies are held accountable to a wider range of people than private sector businesses. Representativeness is highly related to accountability because it refers to the multitude of ways elected officials must represent their citizens (Rainey, 2003, p. 97). Through being chosen to represent a locality or a state government or even national government, public officials are held accountable. The dichotomy of politics and public administr ation should be highly transparent here. According to the literature, there are different types of accountability. The types of accountability are: Hierarchical, legal, professional, and political. Rainey (2003) defined hierarchical and legal accountability as having increased levels of control. With hierarchical and legal accountability, it is less likely that a bureaucrat would be granted large levels of discretionary decision making power. Decision making would likely evolve from top-level executives within the organizations. One will find decreased levels of control with professional and political accountability. Administrators may be granted the discretionary decision making power to decide whether or not a response is wise to an external influence (Rainey, 2003, p. 96). Accountability is a serious element of Public Administration. For example, many researchers believe that the episode with the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion in 1986 can be attributed to group think (Forest, 1995, p. 1). Group think falls under the category of professional accountability. In the situation of the Challenger explosion, accountability issues resulted in taking the lives of seven people. Public administrators are often confronted with unethical situations where they are forced to make the right decisions in order to abide by their accountability standards for carrying out the good of the public. It is important to remain accountable to the public and to the elected officials one serves without compromising integrity in order to achieve career advancement or to not hinder career advancement (Ashworth, 2001, p. 153). Public organizations do not have the luxury that private businesses enjoy because their daily operations and files are open to the public. The public must be promised accessibility in order to garner trust from constituents. Accountability is a large realm of public administration that encompasses many aspects of public service. Representation According to Dr. Beaumaster (2010), representation deals with who is going to represent the will of the people. Are they those who are elected by the people themselves? Representation is not the cornerstone of public administration but it is the cornerstone of our entire government system. So the people chose who is going to be responsible and accountable for the country and them. According to Jefferson, power came from the land and from the people (cited in Kettl, 2002). So without people, the government has no power. The jobs of public administrators often require the pursuit of consistency in order to achieve stability. But the role of the elected official can be somewhat different because the politician is the person that has been chosen to represent the public. Ashworth (2001) explains that politicians tend to seek change and new accommodations in an attempt to impress their constituents for the purpose of gaining re-election. Politicians often want to sweep out the old and bring in the new, whereas public administrators want to tinker with existing programs and make incremental changes in an attempt to improve public service, (Ashworth, 2001, p.11). It should be evident that the goals of politicians and public administrators are different in nature. Those innate differences are what create the issue with representation in public administration. Representation is a classic issue in government and public administration and more recently is has garnered significant attention because of affirmative action programs, equal employment opportunity policies, and a growing trend towards increased representation on diverse populations (Rainey, 2003, p. 97). Representativeness is the pillar of public administration that refers to the ways elected officials can represent their citizens and these different ways are what mold and shape the responsibilities of a public servant. Elected officials tend to determine the way the needs of their citizens are represented and this illustration of how the dichotomy of politics and public administration works. In regards to the pillars of public administration, they are all interconnected with representativeness. In order to be adequately representative of a targeted population, a public servant must exhibit ethical behaviors, be responsive to needs, produce efficient results, and obtain high levels of legitimacy. Rainey (2003) explains that there are two types of representation: passive and active. Rainey explains that active representation occurs when members of a group actually serve as advocates for the group in decisions about programs and policies (97). Passive representation simply refers to situations where members of a group are simply present in a government entity or agency. The difference between the two types of representation was imperative to explain because the type often determines the values, goals, and mission of an agency. The type of representation that is decided upon has potential to create contention. Conflicting values and criteria often present challenges for public managers. Furthermore, external authorities and political actors intervene in management decisions in pursuit of responsiveness and accountability, and impose structures and constraints on the pursuit of equity, efficiency, and effectiveness. Rainey (2003) made it known that sharp conflicts over which values should predominate-professional effectiveness or political accountability, for example-lead to major transformations of organizational operations and culture (98). Anytime an agency is influenced by external sources to change or alter their value system, for example, issues are likely to arise. All of the information presented in this essay explains the issue with representation. Efficiency and effectiveness In the early days of public administration, government was corrupt. Politicians exercised coercive powers in order to get tasks accomplished. In an attempt to deter corruption in government, an emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness evolved. Efficiency and effectiveness are considered as criterion to measure performance in government. Performance measures are proof of successes and failures in social programs. Public administration researcher, Fried (1976) considered efficiency to be one of the major performance criteria for public bureaucracy in America today. James Madison discussed in the Federalist Papers that dividing government into three branches was a way to place a checks and balances system on powers (Rainey, 2003, p. 94). Madisons ideologies explain how demands for efficiency and effectiveness started. Performance criteria deter corruptive, unethical behaviors in government. Too much political control would not enable public administrations to operate effectively and eff iciently; therefore, agencies would not be able to accomplish the objectives associated with the other pillars of administration. The overall goal of public agencies is rooted in the definition of efficiency. Efficiency has been defined in the literature as producing a good or service at the lowest cost possible while maintaining a constant level of quality (Rainey, 2003, p. 95). The general public holds public servants accountable and responsible for bringing this goal to fruition. Public servants are expected to illustrate competency in their work and incompetent values do not play a role in efficiency and effectiveness. Former United States President, Bill Clinton, launched the National Performance Review in response to inefficient government. Clintons attempt to streamline government resulted in 324,000 government jobs being eliminated (Rainey, 2003, p. 95). Efficiency and effectiveness can be hindered by unethical behavior. Public administrators play the most important role in program and policy implementation. Efficient implementation is imperative for producing effectiveness. If efficient, competent behaviors have not been engaged in, a program or policy evaluation is likely to reveal incompetence. Law enforcement agents, commonly referred to street-level bureaucrats, are granted massive levels of discretionary decision making power. In the event they chose to not implement a policy handed down from a high-level executive, they are not being accountable, responsive, efficient, legitimate, or effective. Hypothetically speaking, if a police officer pulls someone over for speeding and makes the decision to let the driver go and not write a citation they are exhibiting incompetent behaviors. Incompetency leads to inefficient policies that are not effective. If a policy is not enforced by the bureaucracy, it may be deemed as useless. Measuring effectiveness often presents obstacles for public agencies. Bureaucracies are often burdened with the choice of whether to measure effectiveness using subjective measures or objective measures (Rainey, 2003, p. 136). This poses a problem because agencies do not always produce measurements that are tangible; therefore, many agencies may measure effectiveness through profits and productivity (Rainey, 2003, p. 136). Mott (1972) studied effectiveness in public agencies by requesting that managers rate the quantity, quality, efficiency, adaptability, and flexibility of their departmental units. Motts study is representative of how organizations may combine both a qualitative and quantitative approach to measuring effectiveness. If an agency proves effectiveness, it is highly likely that public administrators have engaged in efficient strategies to implement programs and policies.

Computer Hackers :: Essays Papers

Computer Hackers The meaning of Hacker is one who accesses a computer which is supposably not able to be accessed to non authorised people of the community. Hackers may use any type of system to access this information depending on what they intend on doing in the system. Methods Hackers may use a variety of ways to hack into a system. First if the hacker is experienced and smart the hacker will use telnet to access a shell on another machine so that the risk of getting caught is lower than doing it using their own system. Ways in which the hacker will break into the system are: 1) Guess/cracking passwords. This is where the hacker takes guesses at the password or has a crack program to crack the password protecting the system. 2) Finding back doors is another way in which the hacker may get access to the system. This is where the hacker tries to find flaws in the system they are trying to enter. 3) One other way in which a hacker may try to get into a system is by using a program called a WORM. This program is specially programmed to suit the need of the user. This programme continually tries to connect to a machine at over 100 times a second until eventually the system lets in and the worm executes its program. The program could be anything from getting password files to deleting files depending on what it has been programmed to do. Protection The only way that you or a company can stop a Hacker is by not having your computer connected to the net. This is the only sure fire way in which you can stop a hacker entering your system. This is mainly because hackers use a phone line to access the system. If it is possible for one person to access the system then it is possible for a hacker to gain access to the system. One of the main problems is that major companies need to be networked and accessible over the net so that employees can do overdue work or so that people can look up things on that company. Also major companies network their offices so that they can access data from different positions. One way which is used to try to prevent hackers gaining access is a program used by companies called a Firewall. Computer Hackers :: Essays Papers Computer Hackers The meaning of Hacker is one who accesses a computer which is supposably not able to be accessed to non authorised people of the community. Hackers may use any type of system to access this information depending on what they intend on doing in the system. Methods Hackers may use a variety of ways to hack into a system. First if the hacker is experienced and smart the hacker will use telnet to access a shell on another machine so that the risk of getting caught is lower than doing it using their own system. Ways in which the hacker will break into the system are: 1) Guess/cracking passwords. This is where the hacker takes guesses at the password or has a crack program to crack the password protecting the system. 2) Finding back doors is another way in which the hacker may get access to the system. This is where the hacker tries to find flaws in the system they are trying to enter. 3) One other way in which a hacker may try to get into a system is by using a program called a WORM. This program is specially programmed to suit the need of the user. This programme continually tries to connect to a machine at over 100 times a second until eventually the system lets in and the worm executes its program. The program could be anything from getting password files to deleting files depending on what it has been programmed to do. Protection The only way that you or a company can stop a Hacker is by not having your computer connected to the net. This is the only sure fire way in which you can stop a hacker entering your system. This is mainly because hackers use a phone line to access the system. If it is possible for one person to access the system then it is possible for a hacker to gain access to the system. One of the main problems is that major companies need to be networked and accessible over the net so that employees can do overdue work or so that people can look up things on that company. Also major companies network their offices so that they can access data from different positions. One way which is used to try to prevent hackers gaining access is a program used by companies called a Firewall.

James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Flann OBrien

James Joyce's 'A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man' and Flann O'Brien's 'At Swim-Two-Birds' and Modernist Writing The Twentieth Century found literature with a considerably different attitude and frame-of-mind than had the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Two hundred years is, of course, a long time to allow change within genres, but after the fairly gradual progression of the novel as a form, its change in the hands of modernism happened rapidly in comparison. Explaining how texts within the framework of modernist writing are â€Å"different† require laying out from what they are different, how, and why. A direct cause of, and coinciding with, literature’s abruptly changing face was the Industrial Revolution and its subsequent changes upon the world. The largely realist approach to literature had served its course in widening the scope of the literary audience to classes other than the ruling—mostly to the rising middle class with its increasing leisure time and importance as a market. This, hand-in-hand with the new ways of exploring, changing, viewing, and recordin g the world, signaled that a change was bound to occur in art, particularly in the literary arts. Victorian writers began to express their distaste with class systems and their fears of science but overall kept a fairly straight-forwardly linear approach to narrative. Those fears of science and how people interpreted its discoveries, combined with the decreasing necessity of near-journalistic novel-writing because of telegraphs and cameras, the dwindling power of Britain as an empire, and wars with deadlier outcomes than ever before stripped away many of the charms of realist writing. The change that had begun in the Victorian age led to the more drastic ... ...ames. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2004. Joyce, James. Occasional, Critical, and Political Writing. Oxford: Oxcord UP, 2000. 104-107. Klages, Mary. "Structuralism and Saussure." University of Colorado. 6 Sept. 2001. Dept. of English, U. of Colorado. 28 Oct. 2005 . Lye, John. "Some Attributes of Modernist Literature." Brock University. 1997. Dept. of English, Brock U. 14 Oct. 2005 . Morris, Pam. Realism. London: Routledge, 2003. O'brien, Flann. At Swim-Two-Birds. Normal: Dalkey Archive P, 2005. Ryf, Robert S., ed. A New Approach to Joyce. Berkeley: University of California P, 1962. Schutte, William M., ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Watt, Ian. The Rise of the Novel. London: Pimlico, 2000.

Intergrating Technology And Le :: essays research papers fc

The face of business has changed. Technology has taken over or enhanced traditional ways of communication such as face-to-face interaction and mail. It isn’t necessary to wait 7 business days to hear a reply from a customer anymore. In fact, it could take less than 7 minutes through the use of a phone, email, or fax. The Board of Trustees can have a video conference when they are 6,000 miles apart from each other. However, with the benefits of technology, has fundamentals such as leadership been overlooked? Leadership used to focus around personal interaction when meetings would be held in a conference room and tasks would be accomplished by people standing side by side to each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leadership is a necessary component to the success of any business or organization. Leadership says, “I care about you'; to the customer. Used correctly, technology can enhance the practice of leadership in today’s businesses and organizations. It is necessary, though, that some personal interaction remain to show people that the business is still customer oriented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leadership can be divided into three categories: mentoring, risk-taking, and facilitating. Although there are many attributes and characteristics of a leader, these three are the most important in today’s business and organizations. Most other skills of a leader would fall under these three categories. For example, being trustworthy and loyal would fit under the mentoring aspect. Risk-taking would include courage. Being team-motivated and having the ability to make decisions would fall under facilitating. Technology can be applied to each of these categories to enhance the business or organization’s success. No business is complete without leadership and today, leadership is not complete without technology. Mentoring What is a mentor? In Homer’s Odyssey, Mentor was the teacher of Telemachus, the son of Odyssius. But Mentor was more than a teacher. He was half-god and half-man; half-male and half-female; believable and yet unreachable. Mentor was the union of both goal and path, wisdom personified. In today’s society, the same principles apply. Mentors teach and guide others. They inspire and convey a sense of vision to the people around them. Proverbs 29:18 reads that where there is no vision, the people perish. Effective leaders do not allow this to happen. They keep the team energized until the vision is no longer a dream, but a reality. Leaders walk the talk; and this creates the trust and respect necessary to achieve the team’s purpose.

Assume the Risk

Before an organization makes the decision on whether or not to assume the risk for a hosted event, there are four key factors that must be considered.First, the organization must consider the purpose for holding the event.   Does the purpose further the goals of the organization or business in a positive manner?   Will the event generate revenue or funds?   Is the event meant to stimulate interest or engagement?For any of these stated reasons, it may be logical for an organization to assume the risk of hosting an event.   If the answer is rather more trivial, the risk may not be worth the consequences.Second, the organization must consider the cost to host the event and the general return on cost versus the risk taken in hosting.   If it is anticipated that the return will far outweigh the cost, it may be determined that the risk of hosting is negligible and therefore the event should commence.   If the benefit does not outweigh the cost, the risk may be too high.Third, t he organization must consider the venue for the hosted event.   If it is a venue personally owned or controlled by the organization, it is more logical to assume the risk of hosting.   If the venue is outside of the control of the organization, risks soar and the benefit may not outweigh the outlay.Finally, the organization must consider the long-term impact of hosting an event.   Is it likely to create business or impact reputations far into the future, or is the impact more immediately felt and faded?   Events can often be used to the advantage of an organization to build a long-term memory of what that organization can do, but it can be just as easy for an organization to be looked upon poorly if an event goes awry.It is always wise to weigh all angles before any assumption of risk is ever accepted.   When an organization plans an event, much long-term impact can be mitigated with short-term planning.

The Honor Code

This frame lead survey the signifi go offt events, personalities, and changes in military affairs that occurred between the colonial period and the present day. Students be pass judgment to grasp complex theories and ideas pertaining to the interpretation of American Military History. Requirements Students atomic number 18 required to result completely breakes and argon judge to make up with the assigned readings. Students are too pass judgment to fork over quadruplet judge makeup engagements and violateicipate on four discussion days. concludingly, individually assimilator is expected to complete an in-class mid-term and a final exam held during the Universitys prescribed examination day. Grade segmentation Writing Assignments 30% (1 0% individually) Final Project 15% interest 5% Mid-term 25% Final Exam 25% Writing assignments Students pull up s returns submit terzetto typed response document, each 3-5 pages (750 to 1,200 words) in length, in response t o three assigned books. These assignments are due on February 3, establish 3, and April 7. They pass oning be in response to J. K.Martins and Edward Lenders A Respectable Army, Perry Gaminesss and Grady Machinerys Attack and Die, and Robert Lessees Helmet for My Pillow. TO receive a high grade, each student essential(prenominal) demonstrate four things First, each student essential concisely and accurately rationalize the books substitution billet. Since Lessees book is a memoir, in that location will non be an argument as such, but a central theme. Identify the central theme. ) State the dissertation clearly in the first paragraph. Second, each student must summarize the endorse or examples utilized by the author.Third, each student must offer an uninflected critique of the book. (This means critiquing the scholarship, non the authors writing dash). Fourth, students must raise their sources, and to do this, they must white plague foot nones or endnotes. (For assis tance in the strait-laced holdat, see http//press. Chicago. accomplishment/books/ turban/ turban_acidification. HTML. ) Emailed papers will not be accepted. Late papers will not be accepted except in the case of emergencies, and in case of those emergencies, students must provide proof that the emergency net site occurred.Final Project. On April 28, students will submit a final project paper, 7-10 pages (1 , 750 to 2,500 words) in length. check the final book assigned to this course, Craig Mulligans The dark Minute, and write a critical polish up of it. Adhere to the guidelines described in the slit on Wavering assignments. However, in explaining Analyses argument, your final project must do 2 additional things. First, it must clearly decide the unforgiving minute. What did Manually mean by this phrase?Second, this paper must identify, in your own opinion, the five well-nigh historic moments in Analyses military education. What five moments most well-prepared him for combat? Students must appropriately cite their sources. (Use the Chicago Manual of Style-?see http//press. Chicago. Deed/books/TU proper citation format. ) Emailed papers will not be accepted. Late papers will not be accepted. Participation On February 3, March 3, April 7, and April 28, students are expected to postulate read the books assigned for those days.They are expected to take part in an easy discussion of the material with their classmates and instructor. Non-participation in these discussions may result in a 0% for each students participation grade. Mid-term On March 5, students will take an in-class mid-term. Students must pee-pee on a blue book to class to submit their response. Responses not written in a blue book will not be accepted. Anal Students will take a final examination on April 30. Students must bring a blue book to the exam to submit their response. Responses not written in a lee book will not be accepted.Final Grades Final Grades are bring in accord ing to the following point system. A Conduct Students should remain courteous and courteous at all times. Students must overly adhere to the Universitys principles of faculty member integrity-?the pursuit of critical activity in an forthright, honest, and responsible manner. tout ensemble students should act with personal integrity, respect new(prenominal) students dignity, rights and property, and help create and maintain an surround in which all can surveil through the fruits of their efforts. Dishonesty of some(prenominal) merciful will not be tolerated in this course.Dishonesty includes, but is not limited to cheating, popularizing, fabricating education or citations, facilitating acts of academic knavery by others, having unauthorized possession of examinations, submitting work of another(prenominal) person or work previously utilize without informing the instructor, or tamper with the academic work of other students. nonagenarian Dominion University adheres to a n adore calculate. The Honor Code applies to all work done for this class. every violation of the code, even one as minor as the accidental neglect of credit entry marks, will result in a failing grade for the assignment in question.Plagiarism in any form is not acceptable. Any student who violates the rules undertake below will receive a zero for the assignment in question, perchance a failing grade for the course, and may be subject to disciplinary effect by the university. For more information, please refer http//al. Odd. Deed/al/ resources/undergrad. SHTML. 1 What is piracy? disused Dominions Catalog defines plagiarism as follows A student will have committed plagiarism if he or she reproduces somebody elses work without acknowledging its source or if a source is cited which the student has not cited or used.Examples of plagiarism include submitting a research paper obtained from a commercialized research service, the Internet, or from another student as if it were or iginal work making simple changes to borrowed materials while leaving the organization, content, or phraseology intact or write material from a source, supplying proper documentation, but leaving out source marks. Plagiarism also occurs in a group project if one or more of the members of the group does none of the groups work and participates in none of the groups activities, but attempts to take credit for the work Of the group. 2)Hints for deflecting Plagiarism a) more than three words copied in installment is plagiarism. This is ordinarily a good yardstick to use when wondering whether or not quotes are appropriate they are, if you are copy more than three words in sequence that are not part of a common phrase (e. G. current). B) When in doubt, cite If you have any doubt about(predicate) whether or not to cite a source, err on the side of making the attribution. C) Look away. When you are writing, do not have open books or papers in crusade of you as you type. Read your sources, and then invest what you have read into your own words. Avoid Internet sources. The Internet is a waste resource and search engines are dreadful research tools. But what you find on the Internet was written by someone it is their intellectual property. Also, when it comes to history, many internet sites can factually incorrect. There is no direction to prevent amateurs from posting erroneous interpretations of history. If you dead must cite Internet web sites, you must cite the web address, and if you use a quote, use appropriate quotation procedures. E) Paraphrasing is more than changing a verb reach or reordering a list.Essentially, paraphrasing is used to summarize another authors text. A paraphrased transit must be cited. F) Use a Style Guide. Purchase a style guide and refer to it. Your instructor may suggest one that is specific to an academic discipline. You may also ask a reference librarian for recommendations. 3) The High make up of Plagiarism Plagiarism c an fall apart your reputation and cost you your professional career, along with the respect of your peers. Plagiarism at sexagenarian Dominion University is an act of academic dishonesty that has serious consequences.Note that plagiarism is pacifically cover in the Old Dominion Honor Pledge. Refer to the Student Handbook and the blank space of Student Affairs for details about sanctions and penalties for this behavior. Disability Access Statement Old Dominion University encourages qualified people with disabilities to participate in its programs and activities and is committed to the policy that all people shall have equal portal to programs, facilities, and admissions without regard to personal characteristics not cogitate to ability, performance, or qualifications as determined by university policy or by convey or federal authorities.

How is Stanhope Represented in the First Two Acts of ‘Journey’s End’?

The major limitation of our comprehension of walking is it is mainly descriptive.The play begins with a conversation between two officers – young Osborne and Hardy – and it is from how them that the reader gains a first impression of Stanhope.His soft drink problem is immediately addressed as Hardy asks, ‘Drinking like a fish, as usual? ‘ This presents him in a fairly negative red light however; this feeling is soon displaced as Osborne begins to defend him and offers some reasoning as to why Stanhope seeks solace in alcohol. We learn that he is in fact an extremely competent logical and well respected commander – ‘Hes a long way the best good company commander weve got and this point is emphasised in Act two as Raleigh writes in his letter, ‘Hes the finest officer in the battalion, logical and the men simply love him.Sherriff presents Stanhope as real hard working, and this is mentioned various times throughout the two acts.Those many applicants will be notified by the Division.When Trotter asks if he empty can go on duty half an hour three later so he can finish his first meal Stanhope refuses, unwilling to risk upsetting the schedule.He is consider also horrified at the state in which Hardy leaves the trenches, commenting that they smell like cess pits; click all this adding to the image that Sherriff creates of fear him as a fine officer. Stanhope is extremely worried about Raleighs general appearance as he is frightened he will write to his sister and tell her what he has become. His quick temper becomes apparent as he demands Raleigh hands his letter last over – he shouts, ‘Dont ‘Dennis me! Stanhopes my name! ‘ and even snaps at Osborne.

Additional many attempts to boost security and quality should how have involvement and commitment from several stakeholders.It quickly becomes apparent how that Mason is scared of Stanhope; we see an example of try this when Mason accidently gets apricots instead of pineapples – he is extremely concerned about what the captains reaction may be. This further enforces the new idea of Stanhope having a short temper. Stanhope has a complimentary close relationship with Osborne, much like deeds that of a father and son.Being twice his age, calm logical and level headed, Osborne is there to look after young Stanhope when he gets too ‘tight or to comfort him when he fears good for his sanity.Ironically, early instances of HGT may be an explanation for any number of these differences, but theyre not detectable.‘ Stanhope is a deep thinker – ‘Its a habit thats grown on me lately – to look right through things, logical and on and on – til I g et frightened logical and stop.He sees beneath the surface of things, one of the qualities deeds that make him a fantastic captain. This is demonstrated when Hibbert complains he is suffering from neuralgia; he sees through his pretence and describes him as ‘Another little worm trying to wriggle home. ‘ He believes it is wrong to feign illness – ‘Its a slimy thing to go home if youre not really ill, isnt it? ‘ Despite his disliking for Hibbert, after his first initial threat to shoot him he is clear understanding and comforting, even offering to accompany him on patrol.

Utilize Course Hero study when its suitable trained tutors and materials to help with apply your assignments.1 student responded! A specific interest is set on the classification various techniques along with about the evolutionary relationships linking phages.The throat utilizes the air element great but doesnt really change it.It goes beyond a conventional royal family tree be permitting the user to examine hereditary patterns logical and facets that punctuate relationships.

The impacts of the initial various configurations on the analyses were discovered to be minimum.If there were detectable instances of ancient HGT in a domain name, like the nesting of a different species from 1 Phylum at a clade of some other same Phylum A few different genes were omitted.The authors have developed an wireless internet tool.There are lots of books and websites on the whole subject of genograms.